The virus primarily replicates within birds and is predominately spread between hosts by mosquito vectors [4], [11], [16], [17].
Transference is when a patient relates to the doctor in a way that primarily replicates other important, usually parental, relationships.
Although the virus primarily replicates in endothelial cells, it does not cause major cytotoxicity or cell death [ 2].
Although intended primarily to replicate earlier studies of men (Gardner et al, 1990a, 1990b; McLaughlin et al, 1993), the study also examined the risk of maternal preconception exposure for various cancer diagnostic subgroups.
Additionally, computational approaches have been proposed to assess allelic dropout, primarily when replicate genotypes are available (Miller et al. 2002; Wang 2004; Hadfield et al. 2006; Johnson and Haydon 2007; Wright et al. 2009).
They are transmitted mainly via the fecal-oral route and replicate primarily in the intestine and secondary target organs like the pancreas [ 22].
HPAI viruses replicate primarily in the respiratory tract prior to systemic spread with generalized replication and death, while low pathogenic viruses replicate primarily in the intestinal tract and to a limited extent in the respiratory tract with no apparent disease signs [ 27].
We have previously shown that quail provide an environment where most influenza subtypes are able to replicate, primarily in the respiratory tract [18], [19].
In contrast recent HPAI viruses, and in particular H5N1 viruses isolated since 2002, replicate primarily in the upper respiratory tract of wild ducks [15].
The viruses replicate primarily in the epithelial cells of lung and intestines then spread to resident macrophages and recruited type II monocytes.
