For example, when testing whether or not HML is a priced factor for the book-to-market equity ratio effect we use size-adjusted returns to control properly for the influence of firm size on returns.
Consensus on the importance of both price and non-price factors for the response of agricultural supply is shared by an increasing number of economists (Elamin and El Mak 1997; Tshibaka 1997; Binswanger 1989).
Other studies (Cicia et al. 2002; Martínez et al. 2002; Scarpa and Del Giudice 2004) highlight the role played by the price factor as a quality indicator for extra-virgin olive oil.
In the second stage, when β reaches a certain value, with the increasing of β, more and more users choose to charge in valley period for the price factor.
Price increase factor for processing each product unit at each collecting center L. Price increase factor for recovery each product unit at each recovery center M. Price increase factor for recycle each product unit at each recycle center N. Price increase factor for production each part at each supplier λ.
Price increase factor for production each product unit at each plant i.
Price increase factor for processing each product unit at each distribution center s.
Price increase factor for the operations at each center has been considered in the uniform range [10…30%].
Furthermore, we consider multiple periods, price increase factor for the operational costs at centers through the periods, existence the inventory or shortage (lost sales or backlog) at production centers, multiple levels of capacity for centers, arrival time to distribution centers and departure from them in the routing, and cost and time of transportation.
For instance, retail sales, after adjusted for price factors, increased 9.6%, well below last year's 10.6%.
