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Demographic pressures presumably cause surplus prey to emigrate into adjacent older stands with sparse understories, where they may be more vulnerable to predation by spotted owls.
The lions would prey on the surplus goats.
Meanwhile the male roosts nearby and may cache any prey that is surplus to their requirements.
In these dark times there must be a surplus of legitimate prey to nourish them, but they will swoop just as greedily on unfortunates who happen to share a name or an ex-address of a defaulter.
Medium-sized prey are especially vulnerable to surplus killing, as the swift throat-biting method by which they are killed allows wolves to quickly kill one animal and move on to another.
And those invertebrates could, theoretically, be able to feast on the new prey, finding themselves with an unexpected surplus of food.
When prey is vulnerable and abundant, wolves may occasionally surplus kill.
These may benefit from the surplus of resource amount (e.g. prey) and the creation of different human-made habitats conditions that provide particular combinations of ecological resources favourable to each species requirements.
The first group of eggs (to be used as naïve IG prey females in experiments) was placed on a leaf with surplus spider mites; the second group of eggs (to be used as experienced IG prey females in experiments) was placed on a leaf with surplus spider mites and five females of the IG predator A. andersoni (Walzer & Schausberger 2011).
Populations of M. anchietae and Uma undergo dramatic density changes depending on annual surpluses or deficits of energy and water, mediated through unpredictable rainfall and prey availability.
In the wild, surplus killing primarily occurs during late winter or spring, when snow is unusually deep (thus impeding the movements of prey) or during the denning period, when wolves require a ready supply of meat when denbound.
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