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During foraging trips at sea, individuals sometimes land on the sea surface and capture prey by surface-seizing or by performing shallow dives.
Gleaning bats that capture prey from surfaces often produce relatively inconspicuous echolocation calls with intensities much below those of aerially foraging bats (e.g. [13]).
Less well understood is how bats detect insects and other prey on surfaces.
This coating consists of mainly unsaturated hydrocarbons and reduces water accumulation on the prey's surface, thus rendering it unfavorable for fungal growth.
We further suggest that prey-resting surfaces may disrupt this leading to effective acoustic camouflage and that gleaners may counter this through their choice of hunting surface and the use of search images and acoustic scanning.
Since this secretion contains predominantly unsaturated hydrocarbons (HCs) [ 19, 20], embalming not only increases the total amount of HCs but also the proportion of unsaturated HCs on the prey's surface [ 18, 19].
Foraging aquatic mammals must divide their time between obtaining oxygen at the water surface and prey beneath the water surface.
We provide a new hypothesis for the echo-acoustic basis of prey detection on surfaces.
This may explain why bats look for prey on flat surfaces like leaves using scanning behaviour.
We provide clear evidence for the role that search images may play and thus a strong hypothesis that these are key to gleaning but, contrary to previous speculation (Jones, 2013), we suggest the search image is not necessarily for prey, but for surfaces.
The spitting spiders (Scytodes, family Scytodidae) secrete a sticky substance that glues potential prey to a surface.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com