The following theorem indicates that one can control the infected prey, namely, only the infected prey can be removed out under some conditions (Figure 3). Figure 3 Local stability of (pmb{mathbf{e_{2}}}) when the condition of Theorem 2.7 holds ( (pmb{d=0.01, D=0.01, r=0.5, b=0.430, d_{1}=1.0, d_{2}=0.5, K=1.0, alpha=3.5, beta=alpha, c=1.0, m=10.0}) ).
Boustany [24] showed that the presence of bluefin tuna coincides with a large number of prey species, namely Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), that spawn in this region at the bottom during the night between November and March in waters of 18 24°C [57].
Artificial fish school algorithm emulates three simple social behaviors of a fish in a school, namely, preying, swarming and following, to optimize a target function.
The study was conducted in three of the ten ODs in Kampong Cham province, namely Cheung Prey, Chamkar Leu and Prey Chhor.
We tentatively argue that the observed pattern could be driven by intrinsic features of the predator, namely, altered prey preferences with increasing age coupled with a general preference for large-bodied prey, or changing nutritional needs at different developmental stages.
(A1) There are three populations, namely, the prey species whose population density is denoted by (x t)), the predator whose immature and mature population densities are (y_{1}(t)) and (y_{2}(t)), respectively; the top predator whose immature and mature population densities are described by (z_{1}(t)) and (z_{2}(t)), respectively.
There are three populations, namely, the prey species whose population density is denoted by (x t)), the predator whose immature and mature population densities are (y_{1}(t)) and (y_{2}(t)), respectively; the top predator whose immature and mature population densities are described by (z_{1}(t)) and (z_{2}(t)), respectively.
Johnson, though, whatever his terrors, had confidence in the language that he used to articulate them, whereas Beckett, coming after Joyce, was prey to a further fear — namely, the suspicion that the currency of common language was devalued, and thus no longer adequate to meet the case of his distress.
These conservation concerns are particular highlighted for the O. cuniculus subsp. algirus, because it only occurs in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula, and it is a key prey species for several carnivores, namely, for the most endangered feline, the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus).
To clarify the application of the methodology an example is analyzed, namely, the predator-prey Leslie-Gower model with human interference.
If (limsup_{trightarrowinfty}frac{1}{t}int_{0}^{t}c_{1}(s),mathrm{d}s=0), then the prey ((x t))) is nonpersistent in the mean, namely, (limsup_{trightarrowinfty}frac{1}{t}int_{0}^{t}x(s),mathrm{d}s=0).
