Exact(8)
Fault recovery can be effectively carried out by either restoring a previously correct state [2] or using redundancy [3].
Next, pigs were given 10 single-choice trials with location of correct pot randomized, to determine whether they would follow visual cues (color) or return to previously correct locations (i.e. rely on learned spatial cues).
Thus, both outcomes lacked hedonic value but only one required abandonment of a previously correct behavior.
When the stimulus-reward contingency was reversed (simple reversal; SR) so that the previously correct stimulus was now incorrect, there was a pronounced decrease in correct choices as the sheep continued to choose the previously correct S+ (SR1, Figure 2A).
Most importantly, patients with lesions of the medial OFC have difficulty in abandoning a previously correct choice in reversal learning [39], a failure that is strongly associated with disorientation and behaviorally spontaneous confabulation in the acute phase [40].
We obtained critical support for this hypothesis in a clinical study: we found that disorientation and behaviorally spontaneous confabulation in patients with OFC lesions or amnesia were very strongly and specifically associated with a failure to abandon a previously correct choice in a reversal learning task once it was not followed by the expected outcome anymore [40].
Responding to the previously correct stimuli was penalized, whereas responding to the previously incorrect stimuli was rewarded with 1 point.
A series of three reversals was given, whereby in each reversal the previously correct lever became incorrect and the previously incorrect lever became correct (reversals 1 3).
Related(18)
previously suitable
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originally correct
before correct
hitherto correct
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earlier correct
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previously correctly
already correct
formally correct
historically correct
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