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Finally, to evaluate whether IDV was previously circulating in Northern Italy, we analyzed 502 samples collected in 2009 from 25 herds (range: 15 25 samples/herd) where respiratory diseases occurred.
Trinidad and Tobago was the most likely source of the YFV modern-lineage that spread to Brazil and Venezuela around the late 1980s, where it replaced all lineages previously circulating.
One can, of course, imagine that fans should create original works with no relationship to previously circulating materials, but that would contradict everything we know about human creativity and storytelling.
Here, we observed that the newly reported YFV sequences from the 2017 Southeastern Brazilian outbreak also probably resulted from the reintroduction of a modern-lineage YFV variant from Venezuela (or from some Brazilian endemic region), and not from the local persistence of modern-lineage variants previously circulating in the 2000 2001 or 2008 2009 Brazilian Southeastern outbreaks.
This is similar to what McCrum et al. (2009) describe as bringing together the knowledge that was previously circulating within two different knowledge networks.
Because the H5 type of hemagglutinin in avian influenza A viruses has not been found in previously circulating human influenza A virus strains, humans are potentially susceptible to infection by these viruses.
Fortunately, we found that the characteristics of this disease were nearly identical to those of previously circulating influenza viruses, meaning that policies and models based on those assumptions could be applied to the control of 2009 H1N1," said Justin Lessler, lead author of the study and a research associate with the Bloomberg School's Department of Epidemiology.
So if we have a provincial or a university lab looking at an influenza A virus from a swine herd and they don't recognize it as one of the typical North American strains that was previously circulating, then we're looking for those isolates to be sent to our National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases in Winnipeg for characterization.
The fact that not all individuals are susceptible to the pandemic strain represents cross-immunity with previously circulating viruses.
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The letter augments information previously circulated.
Previously circulated under the title "Estimating the Border Effect: Some New Evidence".
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com