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It remains unclear why larvae acquire immunity against P. larvae after the third instar, whereas the ingestion of merely 10 spores can cause systemic infection and death in the previous instars [ 2].
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In close contact to host tissue, a shed cuticle was visible and assigned to the previous instar larva.
Induction of AeSCP-2 siRNA expression in early instar resulted in lower fecundity than that of AeSCP-2 siRNA expression induced in late instar (Table 3, eggs/F, induced siRNA at 2nd instar vs. at 4th instar).
Late instar larvae overwinter and pupate in spring.
Consistent with previous reports [49], 3rd instar larvae homozygous for Dad271-68 display more dispersed SYT expression at the NMJ than control larvae (Figure 11C).
For some experiments late third instar larvae were utilized.
This prediction was based on previous studies showing that different instar stages in belostomatids differ in metabolic rates and foraging tactics (Biesmeijer and Tóth 1998; Cloarec 1990).
The 3rd instar larvae had previous experience on IE or NE plants before the beginning of the experiment to investigate if an effect of feeding experience occurred.
Consistent with previous observations, analysis of third instar larvae nerve-muscle preparations revealed an exclusive localization of Rab26 to presynaptic compartments of the neuromuscular junction without staining of axons and cell bodies.
We chose the first-to-second larval instar transition because previous analysis showed that this early developmental stage was not delayed by developmental ethanol exposure and because all three neuroblast populations (mushroom body, optic lobe and thoracic) are actively cycling (Datta, 1995).
Without any previous starvation period, a single second-instar T. ni larva was placed on each plant.
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