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In 2013 and 2014, without whitefly-mediated transmission, TYLCV was detected in young tomato plants germinated from fallen fruits produced from TYLCV-infected tomato plants in the previous cultivation season.
At the tomato-cultivation farm in Jeju Island located in the southern part of Korea, small tomato plants germinated from seeds of fallen tomato fruits from TYLCV-infected tomato plants in the previous cultivation season, were observed and harvested for further TYLCV detection analysis (Fig. 1B).
It should be noted that the lime treatment effects are confounded as their performance could have been influenced by residual effects associated with the previous cultivation treatment.
In the case of Q fever, MLVA and MST techniques have been incorporated for genotyping of C. burnetii strains since both techniques can be performed directly on clinical and environmental samples without previous cultivation of bacteria [ 11, 16].
In addition, these techniques do not require previous cultivation of the bacteria which is very difficult and requires biosafety level 3 conditions, and can be implemented directly on clinical and/or environmental samples.
After cultivation at 23, 20, or 17°C in well-fed condition, most of wild-type animals migrated up or down the linear temperature gradient (0.45°C/cm) until they reached the region nearly corresponding to the previous cultivation temperature.
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Previous cultivation-dependent studies showed that a variety of non-pathogenic bacteria colonize the urethra but did not thoroughly characterize these microbiomes or establish links between the compositions of urethral microbiomes and STI.
As noted in previous cultivation-based studies, healthy women tended to be colonized with several Lactobacillus species, though G. vaginalis was also frequently detected, including in 70% of women without BV using PCR methods [12].
All other components were adjusted accordingly to obtain similar residual concentrations comparable to previous cultivations.
In our study area, the restoration zone was disturbed by previous shifting cultivation, so it is evident that Q. platycalyx is able to colonize disturbed sites.
Fertilizer rates were fixed for the cultivated crops (135 kg N ha−1 for winter wheat, 105 kg N ha−1 for maize, and 100 kg N ha−1 for potato), irrespective of credits due to effects of previous crop cultivation or mineralization in the soil.
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