Clinicians cited their own expert knowledge, concerns of patient safety, fears of inadequate analgesia (when allocation was to the IV group), or too much analgesia (when allocation was to the epidural group) as reasons for preventing allocation or violating the protocol.
Randomization was performed by a researcher not involved in the study design thereby preventing allocation bias.
For a summarised participant timeline, see figures 1 and 2. Association of particular treatment effects (e.g. sleepiness) with certain randomisation codes may become apparent during the trial, and to prevent further allocation bias, proper concealment of treatment allocation is necessary.
Finally, we have identified that fairness is a very important dimension that has to be taken into account to prevent unfair allocation when greening, especially in asymmetric DSL scenarios.
The out-of-cell interference term in (3) (i.e., ∑ n ∈ N ∖ { tran ( l ) } z nl 2 ) prevents resource allocation on an intra-cell basis and demands BS cooperation/coordination.
To prevent an allocation bias on cluster level and a subsampling bias on patient level, randomisation took place after the baseline assessment [ 45].
The AD&FTLD Mutation Database was designed to hold dominant, heterozygous mutations only, preventing the allocation of multiple variations to one family, for example, recessive mutations such as the homozygous APP p.Ala673Val mutation affecting Aβ amyloidogenesis [Di Fede et al., 2009].
This is because greater channel change during the time interval caused larger inter-substream interference and prevented optimal resource allocation from being achieved.
1: allocation sequence adequately generated; 2: allocation adequately concealed; 3: knowledge of allocation adequately prevented; 4: incomplete outcome adequately addressed; 5: free of selective outcome reporting; 6: free of other problems.
However, poorly designed studies (retrospectively, use of non-validated outcome measures, small patient populations, lack of control groups and randomized allocation) have prevented firm conclusions about the effect of the APM procedure.
