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In particular, I show that when empiricists study a sequence of post-treatment behavioral outcomes, post-treatment selection can prevent the identification of standard causal estimands, even when standard (empirical) identification assumptions hold.
Public use samples of US Federal Individual Income Tax returns, with individual identifiers removed and the remaining data sufficiently rounded and blurred to prevent the identification of individual taxpayers.
Each MAC address collected during the pilot will be de-personalised (pseudonymised) and encrypted to prevent the identification of the original MAC address and associated device.
First, the search repository or repositories used to find the papers may provide different results and could prevent the identification of certain papers.
"There was somebody beside them that was trying to feed them," said the father, who gave only his surname, Lau, in order to prevent the identification of the girl.
However, such expression noise can be filtered and does not prevent the identification of deregulated miRNAs that play a role in the malignant transformation of cervical squamous cells.
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Legal constraints prevented the identification of any particular sport, teams or athletes, but Australia's minister for justice, Jason Clare, emphasised that no code was immune.
The main remaining limitation of this system is the lack of spectrometric information, preventing the identification of radioactive materials.
A mild aggradation flattened the floodplain surface and prevented the identification of buried sedimentary bodies by surface topography, but did not restrict the power of the geophysical imaging.
However the heavily intercorrelated nature of many structural features in fragmented landscapes complicates analyses, and the wide variation in species responses prevents the identification of a general trend.
However subsequent analysis of the replicas in the SEM revealed that the consolidant found over most of the facial skeletons of these two specimens from the Musée de l'Homme could not be removed, preventing the identification of bone surface microanatomy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com