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Each animal was tested 15 times (3 each at 5 separate times) with occasional swapping of the two sides to prevent preferences.
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When a second preference was introduced, after the fixation of the first, even higher preference strength was needed to overcome competitive costs; competition for the limited pool of males with both traits prevented preference evolution unless preferences for male traits were very strong.
This is not to say that intrasexual competition entirely prevents preference evolution; simulation results indicated that preferences may still evolve if they are sufficiently strong enough to overcome natural selection, and that the multiple preferences evolving simultaneously may reduce (but not eliminate) direct selection.
Additionally, we provide simple methods to non-invasively measure animal and substrate temperatures and to prevent temperature preferences of the focal organisms from being confounded with temperature preferences of its prey and its humidity preferences.
Position of the bottles was counterbalanced in each group and changed on every second day to prevent position preferences.
To prevent side preference for water or sucrose consumption, the two bottles were counter-balanced during the pre-test and test sessions.
If this agent's plans are consistently thwarted by her discounting-induced preference reversals, she might come to the conclusion that she will never manage to save for a decent retirement if she doesn't supplement her plans with incentives that will prevent the preference reversals that are causing her so much trouble.
All objects were made of plastic to prevent material preference and for an easier cleaning to prevent odor cues.
The phenomenon showed that normal decision makers can not prevent their preference to "bad" (EV) deck B in the standard version of IGT (or, due to the effect of "gain-loss frequency").
We all vote together as a single class of preferred stock but each Series has its own price in order to prevent multiple liquidation preferences.
In general, these costs have not been widely studied or taken into account as potential selective forces driving (or preventing) female preference evolution [ 2].
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