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The schemes aim to prevent impoverishment by pooling funds raised from government and participants and reimbursing a proportion of health care costs[ 2, 3].
This is possibly because larger households can have greater financial support from household members, but the effect of this support is limited in extent and can not prevent impoverishment.
Today, most countries already have or are establishing pre-payment and risk-pooling systems that combine tax-based financing with premium-based social health insurance and veer away from inefficient and expensive 'fee-for-service' payment models, all aimed to reduce out-of-pocket expenditures and prevent impoverishment among households (30).
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China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), launched in 2003, was intended to prevent the impoverishment due to catastrophic illness costs.
Lessening the vulnerability of socially disadvantaged people by intervening through TB control programmes can reduce the unequal consequences of ill health and prevent further impoverishment and injustice among disadvantaged populations.
And yet, since the beginning of the recession, the EU has failed to adopt any valid common policy aimed at preventing further impoverishment, social conflict and emigration from Africa.
Work on the relationships between poverty and health insurance has usually focused on one of two questions: whether insurance allows the poor to access health services [ 12, 13], and whether it prevents medical impoverishment [ 14– 16].
SHI is seen as helping to pool health risks, prevent health related impoverishment and improvement in efficiency and quality of health care services [4, 6, 7].
Furthermore, to prevent the particles degeneracy and impoverishment, PSO is adapted to optimize particles.
However, the financial protection afforded by NCMS is not strong enough to prevent continuing high levels of impoverishment and CHE in households with chronic diseases.
If well designed and implemented, health insurance can prevent catastrophic health expenditures and, consequently, impoverishment.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com