In theory, these measures guarantee the safety of aid workers and prevent duplication in relief efforts.
Mr. Spitzer proposed the database as a way to ensure fairness and efficiency in the distribution of funds, as well as to prevent duplication and fraud.
Globetrotter, based in San Jose, Calif., makes software that distributes software licenses over the Internet to prevent duplication of software by unlicensed users.
The unchecked development means there is little ability to consider China's needs as a whole, or to prevent duplication and waste.
"This will ensure trials are accurately assessed by regulatory bodies, allow comparisons with other studies and prevent duplication of trials".
Besides the bond issue, the Spitzer-Paterson plan includes banning the cloning of human beings, creating a bioethics review board and appointing a review panel to prevent duplication of stem cell research projects.
Catherine McKenna Ribeiro, the deputy press secretary for Senator Lieberman, said mandatory compliance would "foster information sharing, prevent duplication of research efforts, and generate new lines of scientific inquiry".
Mr. Spitzer also proposed a computerized master list that would keep track of how much each beneficiary received and where the money came from, to prevent duplication or fraud.
Like iTunes, Wal-Mart originally sold music files that carried restrictions to prevent duplication and to limit the number of devices on which a song could be played.
