Two reports published in the 1950s noted declines in CTVT prevalence, stating that CTVT occurs "less commonly in London dogs" (1954) [ 40] and that there has been a "reduction in incidence" of CTVT in New York City (1951) [ 41].
The survey, the first to measure arthritis prevalence state by state, found 70 million people in 2001 had the disease or other types of chronic joint pain, stiffness or swelling.
HIV prevalence among TB patients was 9.0% in the highest prevalence states, 2.9% in the other states, and 4.9% overall.
Decreasing the biting rate to a point at which the endemic state appeared, however, will not return the system to the zero Mf prevalence state.
Instead, routine recording and reporting of HIV status of tuberculosis patients by the tuberculosis programme is probably the preferable surveillance option in high HIV prevalence states.
Referral for HIV testing of all TB patients in India compared to HIV testing referral in only the nine highest HIV prevalence states had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $730/YLS.
The current standard (routine referral in the nine highest HIV prevalence states, with selective referral elsewhere; Strategy 2), has a test offer/accept probability of 22.7% and detects 44.7% of those with HIV.
The Revised National TB Control Programme in India currently recommends referral for voluntary HIV counseling and testing of all TB patients in the nine highest HIV prevalence states, with risk-based referral elsewhere [7].
Periodic HIV surveillance among tuberculosis patients may still have some value in low HIV prevalence states to detect when intensification of TB-HIV collaborative activities is indicated, or as a sentinel activity to detect early increases in community HIV seroprevalence.
Lastly, In Delhi being a low HIV prevalence state (General Population prevalence of 0.25% [35]), the routine offer of counselling, voluntary testing of HIV status and recording of the status of HIV infection on the programme records for all TB patients was not the policy in 2008.
