The prevalence of equol producers and O-DMA producers is approximately 30 50 and 80 90 %, respectively [ 108– 110], and the rate of equol formation is influenced by dietary habits, food matrix, composition of the intestinal microflora, extent of intestinal bacterial fermentation, intestinal transit time and alterations in the redox level in the large intestine [ 111].
This was lower than the prevalence of MBL producers in Egyptian study which was 32.3% [ 23].
The true prevalence of ESBL producers is not known and is likely underestimated because of the difficulties encountered in their detection by most local hospitals.
The increasing prevalence of ESBL producers in particular is troubling, given their high correlation with multidrug resistance (defined as resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics) [ 18].
The high prevalence of bacteriocin producers among African Sii isolates likely contributes to the predominance of Sii in African dairy fermentations [ 2].
The findings of this study underscore the high prevalence of VIM producers among carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa in Thessaly, as well as their ongoing evolution.
ESBL producers detected in our study were 39.6% which is in accordance with the study of Kavitha et al. [ 10] and Arora and Devi [ 17] who reported prevalence of ESBL producers as 32%andd 34.4%, respectively.
In addition, the increasing prevalence of ESBL producers in the community increases the risk that other individuals will become carriers as a consequence of human-to-human transmission of resistant bacteria or through the environment as well [ 31].
Because of Brazil's global influence related to national and international movement of people and products, broad prevalence of NDM producers in Brazil could contribute to acceleration of the global spread of blaNDM.
Despite the high percentage of ARB on IBL, we found a very low prevalence of ESBL producers which is consistent with previous studies on green leafy vegetables [ 23, 24, 38].
The actual prevalence of carbapenemase producers is still unknown because many countries that are likely to be their main reservoirs have not established any search protocol for their detection.
