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Fred Mish, retired editor in chief of Merriam-Webster, finds that "presumed by itself as an adjective just means 'supposed' or 'assumed' and really nothing more.
Birkenstock first surfaced as a political adjective this summer when reporters, surveying the crowds at Dean rallies, began to refer to Dr. Dean's constituents by their presumed footwear preference: the "Birkenstock liberals".
Peter Mandelson summed it up in 1998 with a magnificent use of adjectives: "We are intensely relaxed about people getting filthy rich". The wealth may be obscene but the means of achieving it are presumed, naively, not.
Presumed dead.
Tire marks, he presumed.
I presumed incorrectly.
She is presumed dead.
The two were presumed lost.
Or so we presumed.
All are presumed dead.
The film is presumed lost.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com