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Note that for higher temperatures T → θ D, the variation in heat capacity with pressure is weak in B1 phase.
It should also be noted that when the selective pressure is weak (simulation B), the time until the fixation of the advantageous allele is greater than it would be in the case of a strong selection pressure (simulation C).
The model provides an evolutionary explanation for the origin of the two most common types of networks found in natural systems: When the selection pressure is weak, homogeneous networks arise, whereas strong selection pressure gives rise to scale-free networks.
In these cases, escape from specific immune memory may not affect fitness or, if immune pressure is weak, escape phenotypes may be slow to evolve.
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The results are summarized in Table 4. Estimates of the ω ratios for site class 2 for the five branch types (ω2-ω6) indicate positive selection for each branch type, but the selective pressure is weaker in the 2000s than in the 1980s.
In our final model, noise exposure association to blood pressure is weaker than the association between the other variables and the outcome.
However, the experienced selection pressure is weaker than the pressure to preserve the ORF (green line) except for the region ∼30 nt upstream of the PAS, which is the preferred location of the poly(A) signal.
The result showed that the selection pressure was weaker in the 2000s than in the 1980s, indicating that it might have become easier for the HIV to infect a new host and to develop into AIDS now than 20 years ago and that the HIV may be becoming more virulent in the Japanese population.
We saw a similar effect size (~20% risk reduction) for body mass index and diastolic blood pressure, whereas the effect of systolic blood pressure was weaker than that of diastolic blood pressure (fig 1).
The association with diastolic blood pressure was weaker although it was also significant in the alone family structure after controlling for lifestyle variables with the exception of healthy eating behaviour.
Where the selection pressures are weak, lesser correlations in substitution rates are expected.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com