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We do not know if this increase in HIV diversity over time reflects direct selective pressure for evolution (e.g., a response to cytotoxic lymphocytes targeting gag or pol epitopes [50]), linkage to another region that is the target of selective pressure (e.g., antibody-induced selection of env epitopes), or natural accumulation of mutations in the HIV genome without selective pressure.
This benefit may thus have been a selective pressure for evolution of proton-specific respiration in closely-associating species.
Such proteins are also the most aggregation-prone when targeting fails, perhaps providing a strong selection pressure for evolution of an early targeting mechanism.
This clearly illustrates how the cost of resistance drives the selective pressure for evolution of complex and efficient negative regulatory mechanisms.
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Here, the application of highly dosed antibiotics is problematic in that the biofilm (i) provides a protective environment for microbes to evade antibiotics and/or (ii) can provide selective pressure for the evolution of antibiotic-resistant microbes.
They proposed that a key selection pressure for the evolution of avian toothlessness may be incubation period.
The social intelligence hypothesis suggests that living in large social networks was the primary selective pressure for the evolution of complex cognition in primates.
We wondered about the selective pressure for the evolution of multi-neuromast units.
This creates selection pressure for the evolution, at other loci, of counteracting mechanisms in the sex experiencing harm, potentially leading to an 'evolutionary chase' or 'arms race' between the sexes [6], [7].
Maximum likelihood analysis showed that SmWRKYs had undergone strong selective pressure for adaptive evolution.
According to the «red queen model» the pressure of pathogens is, at small time scales, the most drastic pressure for the evolution of vertebrate species.
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