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SCIENCE has proved that memory does far better at fashioning simple, meaningful stories about one's childhood than objectively preserving truth in amber.
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Substitution of equi-designating signs preserves truth.
Whereas the classical consequence relation preserves truth in all logically possible worlds, nonmonotonic consequence relations preserve truth in all least abnormal worlds.
Moreover, even substituting co-designative terms for 'the earth' may not preserve truth.
So in special cases, adding a restriction to a general term like 'dog' can preserve truth.
Substituing other true sentences for 'the earth was spherical' will not necessarily preserve truth.
Thus, deductions preserve truth, and there aren't too many deductions.
If facts were true propositions, so it is argued, one would expect the substitutions to preserve truth.
If they don't denote the same object, then there is no reason to think that substitution of one name for another would preserve truth.
Plausibly, the first pattern reflects the default direction of valid replacement: removing a restriction preserves truth, except in special cases like those involving negation.
And for argument involving only factual propositions, the converse is also true: the same class of arguments necessarily preserves truth, necessarily preserves certainty and necessarily preserves probability in the sense of PPP.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com