The opposed findings of Portas and colleagues [22], who reported preserved activation of the auditory cortex and thalamic regions during light NREM sleep, may originate from the use of more salient, especially personal stimuli such as the own names.
First fMRI studies performed during NREM sleep applying acoustic stimulation showed contradictory results: Portas et al. [22] as well as Redcay et al. [23] and Wilke et al. [24] identified preserved activation of the primary auditory cortex in light NREM sleep in adults and children, respectively.
Our present study may offer a mechanistic explanation for the T cell preserving activity of low-dose prednisolone, i.e. by reducing general immune activation.
For example, selective inhibition of proinflammatory STAT1 activation while preserving ISGF3 activation and antiviral responses may represent a fruitful approach [ 78].
The beneficial effects of HR on liver grafts have also been shown in transplantation of nonsteatotic pig livers, where hepatocellular autophagy was preserved, mitigating the activation of innate immunity and leading to an improved survival of recipients [ 36].
For example, Li et al. [ 64] determined a feedforward loop comprising the sequential triggering of EGFRwt, EGFRvIII and HB-EGF (a ligand of EGFRwt), which is sufficient to preserve the persistent activation of EGFRvIII signaling.
Conceptually, the capacity to suppress network synchrony in the face of gradual adaptation to neuromodulatory input might be preserved by the activation of other modulatory pathways that exert similar effects but employ different mechanisms.
Surface-based brain imaging analysis offers the advantages of preserving the topology of cortical activation, increasing statistical power of group-level statistics, estimating cortical thickness, and visualizing with ease the pattern of activation across the whole cortex.
Sperm morphometric measures also followed established methods (Gage et al. 1998), with 5 μL of sperm-extender subsamples being preserved before activation in 400 μL of 5% formalin.
The overall topological order of whisker representations is highly preserved and the functional activation of individual whisker representations is similar in size and strength to wild-type controls.
