However, they all departed from questionnaires presenting rewards to nurses as derived from the general reward literature, without looking at the reward perceptions of the nurses themselves.
Moreover, a recent EEG-study that used a rewarded task-switching paradigm investigated several neural correlates of clearly visible versus briefly presented reward cues.
Specifically, we predict that clearly visible reward cues, more than briefly presented reward cues, trigger cortical brain areas that are involved with higher-level aspects of reward processing and task performance [ Bijleveld et al., 2012a; Capa et al., 2013; Dehaene et al., 2006].
For example, in tasks in which strategic decisions affect performance [ Bijleveld et al., 2010, 2012b] and in tasks in which reward cues have the potential to distract attention away from the task [ Zedelius et al., 2011], clearly visible versus briefly presented reward cues led to different performance outcomes.
Future rewards or punishments pale in comparison to present rewards or threats.
Table 3 presents reward receipt rates and amounts for families in the program group.
We hypothesized that the probability P(Y = 1) depends on the difference between the discounted future reward V and the present reward C. The odds of choosing future reward over present reward was formulated as (2) P Y = 1 P Y = 0 = e V − C If V − C = 0, this indicates indifference between the current and delayed rewards.
Larvae are trained to discriminate 2 odors such that one odor is paired with a sugar reward, whereas the other odor is presented without reward; at test, larvae are given the choice between these 2 odors (see sketches in Figures 1 and 5).
Hence our analysis included a total of 340 pictures per participant: Eighty-five cue pictures predicting a possible reward or predicting no reward (in A-type blocks), 85 cues in B-type blocks, and 170 faces presented during reward consumption.
Two Sikhs from California, Didar Singh Bains and Balwinder Singh Malhi, presented a reward of $100,000 to Brian Murphy, the Wisconsin Police Lieutenant, who was critically wounded in his exemplary stand to stop Wade Michael Page.
In addition, we tested memory for items presented during reward consumption, which could be either reliably predicted by a cue or not.
