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It tends to be used in relation to MUS, functional somatic symptoms or functional somatic syndromes such as chronic widespread bodily pain or the somatic presentation of underlying mental disorder such as depression presenting as back pain [ 28].
Functional problems such as a reduction in the ability to self-care can lead to loss of independence and risk of institutionalization. Importantly, a decline in function can represent a presentation of underlying disease, which would explain its association with a higher mortality rate.
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Apart from this, all patients treated for tuberculosis (TB), those reporting risk factors for HIV infection and patients with clinical presentation suggestive of underlying immunosuppression, were offered HIV testing.
The potential for a conflict of interest having an influence on the scope of a prospective clinical development program was raised and, as such, the need for clear presentation and critique of underlying assumptions was stressed on several occasions.
Third, our estimates of pH1N1-associated hospitalizations and deaths are based on surveillance for hospitalizations and deaths using ICD-10 codes for respiratory illness which are less likely to capture persons with pH1N1 who have cardiovascular presentations or exacerbations of underlying illnesses.
Next to the presentation of the underlying theory, numerical results are given for a curved stiffened panel configuration.
Makinson (2009) contains an excellent presentation of ideas underlying nonmonotonic reasoning and its relation to degrees of belief.
These less well-recognized events are examples of symptoms mimicking the presentation of various underlying pathologies and are less specific side-effects of medications.
Clinical details, including age, gender, clinical presentation and the presence of underlying risk factors, were recorded.
Some clinicians consider the different phenotypes as fitting within a clinical and pathological continuum (lumpers), whereas others suggest that variation in the clinical presentation may reflect heterogeneity of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (splitters).
Although traditionally regarded as clustering very strongly, the three domains of ASD (deficits in social interaction, communication problems and restrictive/repetitive behaviours) have been suggested to dissociate, both in terms of clinical presentation and in terms of underlying genetic aetiology [ 34].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com