While the benign training was broadly effective, there was less clear evidence for a differential effect of spoken or written presentation of the materials.
Although the differential effects of spoken or written presentation of training scenarios were not pronounced for the benign training, as the spoken training took less time to administer and could be administered with minimal resources to several children simultaneously, regardless of their reading ability, it may have practical advantages as a low-intensity clinical intervention.
This asymmetry in the superior efficacy of spoken over written presentation stands in contrast with the results reported by Mackintosh et al. (2006, Experiment 2) and Standage et al. (2009), who found that the presentation modality did not affect the magnitude of change in interpretation bias.
"But for the help I've had from Unison," she says, "I would never have stood up in front of the company's chief executive and done a presentation, or spoken in front of 3,000 people at my union conference".
She joined Toastmasters—"a great opportunity for me to explore all kinds of speaking and presentation styles".
Petraeus revelled in the jargon — among junior officers, his PowerPoint presentations were spoken of in reverent tones — but, at least in his case, the fancy terms were suggestive of his knowledge, and not the end of it.
In his 2014 presentation, Takei spoke of being taken to a prison camp in Arkansas when he was only 5 years old.
More charitable commentary about the presentation spoke of a lack of key details (such as what the machine looked like, or the price) but with always-optimistic caution.
In sum, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether written and spoken presentation of the training material differentially affect training-congruent change in interpretation bias and judgments of negative consequences in children (our primary outcome variables), and whether this translates into associated change in negative mood and emotional vulnerability.
The presentation spoke of "intelligence" that had been gathered regarding contact between board members and reporters.
