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The visual search display remained onscreen during the presentation of feedback and the search display and feedback were presented together for 1000 ms. Each point had a value of ∼0.2 euro cents and participants were paid based on the number of points they received.
We included a condition regressor for trial onset and a condition regressor for the presentation of feedback.
The differences were mainly located at the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), the dorsolateral prefrontal and the middle and inferior frontal gyrus after the presentation of cards, and at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the middle frontal cortex after the presentation of feedback signals.
To assess psychophysiological arousal, both EDA and cardiac responses were measured and then analyzed separately during the selection phase and the presentation of feedback (i.e., wins and losses).
At the first level, data were analyzed by modeling six experimental conditions (2 x 3 conditions) using the canonical hemodynamic function (hrf) in SPM5, time-locked with the presentation of feedback.
In contrast to the trend observed during response selection, presentation of feedback (positive or negative) resulted in greater activation for the High IQ compared with the Average IQ group (see Table 2).
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To our knowledge, this is the first EEG study demonstrating that the presentation mode of feedback types – randomly mixed (experiment 1) versus blocked (experiment 2) versus a within-subject design with mixed and blocked presentation – can have a direct impact on ERPs related to feedback processing.
No such correlation emerged for the mixed presentation of negative feedback (p = 0.704) or the blocked (p = 0.112) or mixed presentation of positive feedback (p = 0.335).
The feedback-related negativity (FRN; Miltner et al., 1997), which is a negative-going component peaking around 200 300 ms after the presentation of external feedback, is an ERP component that has been repeatedly used to investigate performance monitoring based on external feedback.
The presentation of negative feedback in our fixed reward magnitude task induced an FN-type negative deflection occurring in the 225 325 ms post feedback time window.
As subjects were not allowed to press any button while the feedback arrow was presented, response times in the 'Free' condition reflect the interval between the end of the presentation of the feedback arrow and the next self-initiated button press.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com