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In the case of Mars, with no present-day field, and yet tidal interactions with its moons Diemos and Phobos, it clearly does not operate now and, by inference, probably never did.
We attempted to orient the cores azimuthally using viscous remanent magnetization of the present-day field direction, but were relatively unsuccessful partly because of secondary magnetization that was probably acquired at or after drilling.
In this review, studies that focus on morphological features of the present-day field had dipole-dominated non-reversing models as a reference state, whereas in studies of reversal frequency either reversing dynamos or models of both types were analyzed.
Second, the synthetic magnetic anomaly model now takes into account the plate tectonic evolution to simulate the remanent magnetisation vector direction, whereas this vector was parallel to the present-day field in the previous version.
The scope of topics it covers has broadened and developed with time, however, so that the present-day field of toxicology should be regarded as the 'science of safety' (Collins et al. 2008).
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This spans from measurements of short-term variations of the present day field, through satellite missions such as Swarm (Olsen et al. 2013) and observatory data (Reay et al. 2011), to paleomagnetic observations of superchrons, such as the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (e.g., Granot et al. 2012; Tarduno et al. 2001; Tauxe and Staudigel 2004).
The gain in accuracy of temporal change estimates was marginal when using field data for biomass for both points in time in comparison to using only present day field data.
To study the present-day stress field for the Denizli Graben, a new Win-Tensor program, the Windows version of the TENSOR program (Delvaux, 1993) developed by D. Delvaux, according to the procedure described in Delvaux and Sperner (2003) and using a Quality Ranking scheme as in the World Stress Map project (Sperner et al., 2003), was used for formal stress inversions of the given focal mechanism.
The blue cross is the geocentric axial dipole field direction (D = 0°, I = 54.9°); the green cross is the present-day geomagnetic field direction calculated from the 12th International Geomagnetic Reference Field model (IGRF-12; D = 352.5°, I = 49.6°).
In-situ stress measurements using hydraulic fracturing were performed to directly estimate the present-day stress field of the Alxa area.
Using a conductive approach, this study was able to reproduce the measured present-day thermal field in the shallow part of the Molasse Basin area to a certain degree.
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