Fig. 1 Time variation of the escaping mass on the present-day Earth by the vapor expansion under the same condition as in Newman et al. (1999) (mvap:1 × 1016 [kg], evap:5 × 1023 [J/kg]).
This is compatible with the presence of an ancestral GFP in the common ancestor of Metazoa, followed by loss of this gene in some of the present-day species and lineage-specific expansion in the others.
For these models, the deceleration parameter q tends to −1 for large values of T. Also, in recent observations of type Ia supernovae, Perlmutter et al. [50] and Riess et al. [51, 52, 53] proved that the decelerating parameter of the universe is in the range − 1 ≤ q ≤ 0 and the present-day universe is undergoing an accelerated expansion.
What these data suggest is that during the lag between historical expansion and the present-day, contemporary demography has played a role in shaping the observed genetic diversity pattern.
Following this hypothesis, the current distribution of R. schneideri seems to result from its recent retreat from the Amazon and a subsequent southward expansion into the present-day Cerrado biome, as evidenced by the low levels of mitochondrial diversity in all current distribution area.
We used the program FLUCTUATE to fit a model of exponential population expansion and estimate θ0, the present-day scaled population size (Table 2).
Present-day demographic data suggested that population growth across the expansion cline is positively correlated with latitude.
Ecological niche models predicting the species LIG, LGM, and present-day distributions are shown in Figure 3 and support expansion-contraction, not vicariance-northeast colonization or southern crossroads expectations.
The West Liao River valley was a cradle of Chinese civilization, together with the valleys of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, and there is considerable interest among scholars in the origin and expansions of the ancestors of the present-day inhabitants.
Botany Bay, near present-day Sydney, had been placed in this process of imperial expansion as an outpost valued for commercial purposes and as a means of protecting British shipping, particularly from French competitors.
This may be explained by mixing of early modern humans ancestral to present-day non-Africans with Neandertals in the Middle East before their expansion into Eurasia.
