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Optimisation of biomass partitioning is thought to minimise the stress imposed by the limiting resource, in this case N. Arguably, such optima must depend on the actual chemical form(s) of N present for uptake, because plant N acquisition is mainly limited by processes through which N sources come into contact with root surfaces: mass flow induced by transpiration, diffusion and interception [26].
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Next we wanted to investigate if bacterial surface component(s) and/or bacterial active process(s) are required to be present for cellular uptake.
It is possible that sufficient enzymes are present for adequate uptake of nitrogen sources to compensate for the decreased expression of these genes, or that the down-regulation of these genes is a consequence of the down-regulation of prtT and the other secreted proteases suggesting that there is a decreased nitrogen requirement in ∆ gliT, when exposed to exogenous gliotoxin.
A root simulation study is presented for water uptake by a maize root system.
The higher the dose of adsorbent, the greater is the surface area and greater is the number of available adsorption and/or reduction sites present for metal ion uptake (Azwa and Yousif 2013).
ApoE can bind to HSPG forming functional complex of ApoE/HSPG; alternatively, it joins HSPG/LRP-1 uptake pathway in which ApoE first binds to HSPG and then presents to LRP-1 for uptake (for review, see [ 91]).
The vector m denotes the configuration of external metabolites; its i th component m i = 1 if metabolite i (i = 1, 2,...,96) is present in the external environment for uptake into the cell, and m i = 0 if it is absent.
So long as the ceramic is fired to the correct temperature, "the material is completely inert and in a solid state," he says, meaning that even if there were toxins present they would not be available for uptake by marine organisms.
Hereby, we propose that directly infected cells may undergo apoptosis in vivo, thereby providing antigenic material for uptake and processing in cross presenting endolysosomal compartments by bystander DCs.
These pulse-chase experiments showed that after uptake CII was present for about five hours in membrane fractions corresponding to late endosomes, after which the level of intracellular CII dropped, probably due to terminal lysosomal transport and degradation.
DNA vaccination may work through direct transfection of antigen presenting cells (APC), or by secretion of the encoded protein by muscle or skin cells for uptake by APC.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com