We combine present-day data from Germany as an example.
We also tested for effectiveness and efficiency using historical and present-day data to see whether protected area efficiency and/or effectiveness varied over time.
Specific emission factors can be estimated from present-day data on carbon stock losses due to similar degradation processes (i.e. as occurring at present) and by studying their chronosequences, applied consistently for historically periods with suitable activity data.
In a simple verbal model, based on present-day data from Germany, we show that amphibian populations which have undergone phenological shift towards earlier reproduction potentially suffer less from applications of glyphosate-based herbicides compared to those which (yet) show no such reproductive shift.
We also find that positive reserve effects based on present-day data (e.g., higher abundances of commercial species inside the no-take zone versus outside) were often not associated with increases in fish densities over time, and suggest caution when interpreting abundance patterns in the absence of historical data.
Scarce volcanic material in the sedimentary units in Urakawa implies that the geothermal province of the inner arc was far from our study area during the analyzed period; hence, present-day data of 40 mW/m2 that were calculated on the basis of temperature logging and thermal conductivity records at a drilling site in central Hokkaido (Tamaki et al. 2009) were adopted for use in this study.
Present-day data of sentinel lymph node micrometastases do not possess sufficient follow-up to observe any survival effects as some retrospective studies have shown, and therefore the prognostic significance of such occult metastasis at this time is unknown.
As such, toporthology is defined in the same spirit as orthology, paralogy and homology, and is a relation that cannot be inferred with absolute certainty from present-day data.
Demographic changes due to recent anthropogenic perturbations of wild population are often so large, that the use of present-day data solely to reconstruct the population history could be misleading [ 22, 23].
This ancient dataset was compared with present-day data consisting of 94 animals from 10 contemporary European breeds and with GenBank DNA sequence data to carry out a haplotype sharing analysis.
