We use these countries as exemplars when presenting perspectives on antenatal psychosocial distress (i.e., emotional suffering presenting as depression and anxiety during pregnancy) and pathways to PTB.
Stress is a psychological phenomenon that may present as anxiety, depression and trauma reactions.
For example, informal caregivers are susceptible to caregiver burden due to stress and burnout, which can present as anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues [ 24- 30].
Substantial emotional responses to extreme humanitarian experiences are common, especially among aid workers, and may present as burnout, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and excessive or unhealthy alcohol use or cigarette smoking during or on returning from mission trips.
"Whereas those with bipolar I tend to experience severe mania as well as severe depression, bipolar II presents more as depression, feelings of sadness, hopelessness and guilt".
Serotonin has a crucial role in neural development and maturation [ 11] and studies in rodents have demonstrated that manipulation of serotonin (5-HT) levels by exposing the animals to SSRIs at a vulnerable stage of central nervous system development can lead to permanent behavioral changes, paradoxically presented as increased depression and anxiety-related behavioral phenotypes [ 12- 15].
In a dairy herd in southern Chile, 11 of 130 calves died after presenting signs such as depression and red-tinged urine.
However, they may be misunderstood by therapists who regard their homosexuality as the root cause of any presenting problem such as depression or anxiety.
ADHD is one of the important comorbid conditions, given the fact that it is a primary diagnosis among patients with ED when present, as opposed to depression, which although more prevalent is often secondary to ED.
