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In the present study, we have explored the usefulness of including immune parameters within the prenatal developmental toxicity study in rats, using the treatment protocol as described in the OECD 414 developmental toxicity test guideline.
Subchronic oral toxicity and prenatal developmental toxicity of the astaxanthin in rats were conducted in accordance with the Guidelines of Health Food Safety Assessment promulgated by Food and Drug Administration of Taiwan which is based on OECD guidelines 408 and 414.
For "non-relevant metabolites" not formed during biotransformation of the AI in mammals, the strategy relies on an "enhanced" 90-day oral study covering additional endpoints regarding hormonal effects and male and female fertility in combination with a prenatal developmental toxicity study (OECD test guideline 414).
Epidemiological and animal studies have demonstrated that nutrition and other environmental stimuli influence prenatal developmental pathways, thereby inducing permanent changes in metabolism and chronic disease susceptibility.
Taken together with Peg3 knockout work in mice, our findings suggest a regulatory mechanism affecting late prenatal developmental through Peg3 expression.
The degenerative phenotype in the Inpp4awbl mutant is unique in that Purkinje cells degenerate relatively early compared to other ataxic mouse mutants, yet there is no prenatal developmental abnormality.
Similar(31)
The development of ASD and ADHD likely involve a broad range of genetic, prenatal, social, developmental, nutritional and environmental factors [ 145, 147].
Hence, the allele-specific labelling, in contrast to X-inactivation and allelic exclusion, most probably occurs during the lifespan of an individual rather than at the prenatal early developmental stages.
Arsenic an IARC group 1 carcinogen with ample epidemiologic evidence, including prenatal and developmental exposures served the category of well-studied carcinogens with no convincing evidence of elevated breast cancer risk.
In this study, no relationship was found between the age of the subjects and the craniofacial deficits, indicating that this condition has a prenatal or early developmental origin [32].
The goal of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine if prenatal cocaine alters developmental neuroanatomy using methods that are available to human researchers, specifically structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging, and (2) to determine the feasibility of rodent in vivo neuroimaging for usage in longitudinal studies of developmental disorders.
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