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Finally, the preload effect and the magnitude of the displacement on the non-linear joint behaviour are analysed to determine equivalent stiffness and dissipated energy in the hysterical loops of the joint.
The sweeping-frequency measurement results show that the work frequency, bandwidth, and output-voltage of VEH depend on tuning of GBSS and excitation levels, indicating that the multiple nonlinear effects, such as Duffing-spring effect, impact effect, preload effect, and air elastic effect, have significant influence on the dynamic behaviors of VEH.
One of the striking effects of norepinephrine in our patients was its cardiac preload effect.
We therefore assume that a decrease of CO during OLC ventilation is primarily attributable to a preload effect.
Nitrates may be a good therapeutic choice since this treatment can decrease both LV afterload and central blood volume (cardiac preload effect).
It is likely that the preload effect of norepinephrine was important in these patients, who probably still had some cardiac preload reserve.
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In this paper, a fiber element model developed for CFST slender beam-columns with preload effects is briefly described and verified by existing experimental results of uniaxially loaded CFST columns with preload effects.
Based on the parametric studies, a design model is proposed for axially loaded rectangular CFST columns with preload effects.
In the same manner, more precise parameters derived from pressure-volume analysis being insensitive to preload effects confirmed significantly improved systolic function after levosimendan treatment when compared with epinephrine.
While PEEP decreases LV preload, its effect on LV contractility probably has generated more controversy than any other aspect of heart-lung interactions.
Basically, this approach is based on the assessment of the response of the left ventricular stroke volume (or any of its surrogates) to the preload-modifying effect of the mechanical breath, which serves as a repetitive hemodynamic challenge [50, 51].
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