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Finally, sperm competition can be avoided by preferring to mate with virgin females.
Females range over several male territories under natural conditions, strongly preferring to mate with dominant territory owners, and approach selected males when ready to mate [ 10- 12].
The absorption spectra of one or two opsin genes shifted towards blue or red generating two groups of females preferring to mate with males of either one of the two different colors (Fig. 1b).
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In a second experiment, females were offered a choice between a sib and a non-sib male; we expected that females should be able to avoid sib matings and should prefer to mate with non-sib males.
We conclude that the most likely mechanism underlying this interesting behavior is that yeast cells compete for mates by producing pheromone signals advertising their viability, and cells with the opportunity to choose prefer to mate with stronger signalers because such matings produce more viable offspring.
The study showed that if wild females preferred to mate with genetically engineered males and if those matings produced offspring that did not survive well, wild populations could be wiped out, a result they called the Trojan gene effect.
Put simply, females prefer to mate with males that have more elaborate songs.
Or the way that male chimps prefer to mate with older females.
For example, female North American house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) prefer to mate with bright, colourful males.
Exhaustion leaves breeding rams vulnerable to malnutrition and predators, but ewes prefer to mate with dominant rams.
Female house finches prefer to mate with males with the reddest feathers, but dull-colored males make themselves more appealing by acting more social before mating season, according to a study in the September issue of the American Naturalist.
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