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We implemented alternatives to the NIOSH/NCI preferred estimates of REC using their general approach but making several of what we believe to be improvements to their approach.
Whenever data were provided with different adjustments in each study, we preferred estimates that adjusted for the Framingham risk score or the model with Framingham risk score variables; if none of these options was available, we preferred the model with the larger number of adjusting factors.
Our preferred estimates, in column 5, include individual and time fixed effects and controls for the firm size11.
Our preferred estimates, in column 5, include individual and time fixed effects and controls for the firm size.
Our preferred estimates, therefore, do not control for high school GPA or institution, but we also report results that do.
None of these estimates differ statistically from zero, though of course the point estimates remain the preferred estimates.
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We have always chosen the author's preferred estimate in case they reported several estimates (for example, as robustness checks).
We restricted our core sample to the preferred estimate in each study for each country or region covered, based on the author's judgement (when absent, we use the usual statistic tests).
Our preferred estimate for the school attainment coefficient from the IV-GMM estimates, with all three life-cycle experiences included, is 0.09 SD in verbal skills for every additional grade, or approximately 0.30 SD in verbal skills for a 1 SD increase in school attainment.
Where separate estimates were available for chewing tobacco and for snuff, results for chewing tobacco were used in the main meta-analyses, though alternative analyses preferring estimates for snuff were also carried out.
We choose to include the risk estimate that gave (in order of importance): 1) estimates for incident users was preferred over estimates for prevalent users; 2) as-treated analysis (during study period/follow up) was preferred over intention-to-treat analysis (during fixed period/at baseline); 3) estimates with the longest latency period were preferred.
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