Theoretical models that laid the foundation of contemporary sexual selection research examined the evolution of mating preferences, which means that they assumed heritable variation in preferences (reviewed by [23]).
They bind to short AT-rich motifs with individual members of the Hox family exhibiting very similar in vitro DNA-binding preferences (reviewed in [ 1]).
Changes in taste receptor expression and activity have been reported after gastric bypass surgery, a procedure that also changes gut microbiota and alters satiety and food preferences (reviewed in 44).
MHC polymorphism is functionally relevant and is thought to be maintained by selection through the mechanisms of heterozygote advantage and frequency dependence, driven by the host-pathogen interactions and, in some cases, disassortative mating preferences (reviewed in [ 2]).
At baseline, dieticians assessed patients' food preferences, reviewed the procedures and meals for the next 2 weeks, and distributed a food scale and standard protocols for prospective 'third-person' (family members of patients) assessments (Bruera et al, 1986).
Indeed, assortative preferences for other physical characteristics have been reported in several studies of human mate preferences (reviewed in, e.g., Havlicek & Roberts, 2009) and assortative preferences are thought to play a critical role in assortative mating for physical characteristics in several non-human species (e.g., Møller, 1994).
Their flanking sequence preferences (reviewed in Conticello et al., 2007) are either radically different (e.g., AID prefers A/G at −1; Aprefers prefers C at −1) or else they do not show the high (>90%) preference for T at −1 coupled to a relative indifference to the base at −2.
Draft recommendations were refined based on people living with HIV (PLHIV) and clinician experience, values and preferences, reviewed by an interprofessional team for Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) (quality) rating and revision and then circulated to PLHIV and clinicians for external endorsement and final refinement.
The benefits and limitations of research strategies that augment randomization while respecting treatment preference are reviewed including: approaches that enhance enrollment and engagement; pilot testing assumptions about randomization; and partially randomized clinical trials.
Key components of patient preference RCTs are reviewed: period and carryover effects, preference assessments, eligibility criteria, and data analysis.
