In Ankole region, in western Uganda, a delicate balance on land existed between the Bairu (ethnic group that predominantly practiced crop production) and Bahima (ethnic group involved mainly in livestock production up to today) with the Bahima having maintained a privileged hegemonic state over land and resources (Doornbos 1975).
Shifting cultivators unanimously applied mixed cropping as a trial and error method for finding the spots where crops perform best, while semi-permanent cultivators predominantly planted crops in rows (P < 0.01).
The area has bi-annual rains, occurring in March-May and August-October and supports a predominantly mixed crop-livestock production system with an average farm size of 0.5 ha [ 45].
Because each of the three pesticides was applied predominantly to one crop (Table 2) in the monitored areas, we could not include a target-crop variable in our analysis.
In a predominantly self-pollinated crop species such as rice, larger LD blocks extending over several cM are usually expected (Abdurakhmonov and Abdukarimov, 2008); also, LD varied among different subspecies of rice.
One such species is common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae), a predominantly self-pollinating crop of world-wide importance for its nutritional value.
This could be due to the fact that rapeseed (syn canola) is a predominantly self-pollinated crop; however, outcrossing may occur, ranging from 5 to 36% under field conditions.
Available forage crops are predominantly early-season mass-flowering crops (MFC).
The transition from oxen to horses for farm work was documented in pictorial sources (for example, the 11th-century Bayeux tapestry depicts working horses), and also clear from the change from the Roman two-field crop-rotation system to a new three-field system, which increased the cultivation of fodder crops (predominantly oats, barley and beans).
For all regions, sustainable intensification of cropping, predominantly on existing arable lands, is the best way forward.
