Curiously, while TGF-β1 is considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, it induces leukocyte recruitment.[8], [9] TGF-β1 activity is controlled predominantly through activation of the latent molecule.
In addition, there was a material-dependent topographical preference within this network, with predominantly anterior activation during musical tasks and predominantly posterior activation during semantic verbal tasks.
NST in mice is achieved predominantly through activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which requires sympathetic release of NE and activation of β3-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue [8], [19].
Intracellular stress induces cell death predominantly via activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which involves cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, and effector caspase activation.
Upon the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and viral dsRNA, the 13 currently known TLRs trigger predominantly the activation of MAP kinases and several key transcription factors including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein (AP -1 AP -1nterferon regulandry factor (interferond 7.
ET-1 causes vasoconstriction predominantly by activation of ETA on vascular smooth muscle (Spratt et al, 2001).
In Swiss 3T3 cells, stimulation of DNA synthesis occurs predominantly by activation of arachidonic acid release, followed by its oxidation to PGE2 and stimulation of adenylyl cyclase [ 13].
These annotations were largely related to immune cell trafficking, predominantly leukocyte activation, migration, movement and chemotaxis as well as cell movement of phagocytes, neutrophils and myeloid cells (Additional file 1: Table S18).
In mice, β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation is attributed predominantly to activation of β1-adrenoceptors and to be only partially mediated via the β2-subtype (Henry and Goldie, 1990; Raemdonck et al., 2012).
Although ERs function predominantly through activation of transcription via estrogen-responsive elements, both ERs, alpha and ss, can interact with various transcription factors such as activator protein-1 (AP-1).
