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Though an RCT would provide the most valid data on efficacy, the prospective cohort design seemed substantially superior to uncontrolled case series, which remain the predominant study design in the surgical literature.
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The predominant study designs were surveys based on either retrospective or prospective analysis of absenteeism data obtained from administrative records.
The studies were highly heterogeneous in their study design from prospective to retrospective (predominant).
The predominant absence of associations between phytoestrogen biomarkers and breast cancer may be attributed to limitations specific to aspects of the study design.
Study design.
Study Design: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 553 women aged 18 to 65 years with a predominant symptom of stress urinary incontinence.
Study Design: This was a secondary analysis of data from two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that evaluated duloxetine for the treatment of predominant stress urinary incontinence in the United States (n = 1133 patients).
G.R.A.: study design.
Study Design: There were no study design restrictions.
Study design: descriptive study.
STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaire study.
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