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The response is understandable from the fact that the predominant copper species in the aqueous system can be ion or hydroxide depending on the concentration, among other factors.
As for the Zn 2p of Zn2+ at 1,020.8 eV (Figure 2c), it can be attributed to Zn2+ doped in the predominant copper oxides rather than the negligible wurtzite (W -type ZnO.
It has been reported that Cu II) in aqueous solution exists in different forms such as Cu2+, Cu(OH +, Cu(OH 2, Cu(OH) 3 − and Cu(OH 4 2− and the predominant copper species at pH < 6.0 is Cu2+ (Badruddoza et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2006).
This is illustrated by the predominant manganese protein and the predominant copper protein in the periplasm of a cyanobacterium [ 5].
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It should be noted also that most studies were performed on Cu ZrO2 powders doped by impregnation technique that led to predominant localization of copper on the surface of nanocrystals or in their near-surface region.
The colloidal particles consist of copper-doped amorphous SnO2 as the predominant base material with Sn(OH 2 SO4 22− species attached on the surface.
Copper losses predominant in distribution system, this can be calculated as follows begin{aligned} {P_{loss}} = sum limits _i^n {I_i^2{R_i}} end{aligned} (1 where (I_i) is current, (R_i) is resistance and n is number of buses.
To verify that the oxidation of Fe3+ was the predominant mechanism of the copper extraction from PCBs by bacteria-free cultural supernatant, ferric sulfate solution, bacteria-free cultural supernatant, pure water, and pure media were used to leach 15 g/L PCBs, and the result is shown in Fig. 3.
Above pH 12 as well as higher bath temperatures of 50 and 75 °C leads to predominant co-deposition of metallic copper clusters within the reaction bath.
The result indicated that the indirect non-contact mechanism was the predominant mechanism in bioleaching of copper from PCBs.
Copper losses are predominant in distribution system; this can be calculated as follows {P_{mathrm{{loss}}}} = sum limits _i^n {I_i^2{R_i}} (1 where (I_i) is current, (R_i) is resistance, and n is number of buses.
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