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When split by sex, the Gray equation had the narrowest range in accurate predictions, bias, and RMSE.
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Absolute values of mean prediction bias in predicting dib ranged from 0.09 cm to 1.76 cm and RMSE ranged from 1.04 cm to 4.70 cm.
Therefore, the quantity ( sqrt{{mathrm{Bias}}^2+{widehat{sigma}}_b^2} ), where Bias is the average prediction bias for the validation dataset, can be interpreted as a measure of prediction accuracy at the relevant scale equivalent to the RMSE used for plot-level predictions.
Scatterplots of predicted vs. observed hold-out data obtained for final models helped identify prediction bias, which was fairly pronounced for ANN and BN.
Mean prediction bias and root mean squared error produced by these models in predicting upper stem inside bark diameters obtained based on leave-one-out validation are given in Table 5.
For some estimation approaches, adjustment of model prediction bias [15] is also carried out.
The observations will then accumulate votes in an area offset in the opposite direction of the prediction bias.
Note that the mean prediction bias and root mean squared errors are based on leave-one dataset -out valeave-one dataset -out
Table 7 Mean prediction bias, root mean squared error (RMSE) in estimating inside bark cubic volume using different models.
Since the prediction error does not follow a specific probability distribution, fuzzy set theory can be applied to analyze the prediction bias [17].
The MSEP incorporates both the prediction variance and the prediction bias, which results from using maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the fitted linear predictor.
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