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Convergence of a policy iteration algorithm to an optimal policy which satisfies the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation is thus assured as long as parametric uncertainty is iteratively reduced such that the performance prediction mismatch is driven to zero.
The two prediction mismatch terms were given equal weights(= 1).
In the previously mentioned auditory oddball studies, it has not only been shown that prediction mismatch elicits MMN, but also that matching the prediction has been found to elicit a so-called repetition positivity.
The computation of the differences cancels out the activity of units where input and prediction match (explains away), and transmits the activity of those units where input and prediction mismatch (cf. Figs 1 and 2).
Quantitatively, the 2-step MLR is an unconstrained approach and as such, fits the experimental data better than the ILP approach as indicated by the measurement - prediction mismatch (12% for 2-step MLR, 18% for the hybrid ILP-MLR approach).
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In this sense, the prediction error elicited by salient sounds is not fundamentally different from the prediction error elicited by less salient but still prediction mismatching sounds.
The second term, corresponds to the measurement-prediction mismatch over all response species (j res) and experimental conditions (k).
The second term penalizes the measurement-prediction mismatch of the response measurements and prunes non-canonical edges that contradict the response dataset.
Therefore, the first term of the objective function, corresponds to the measurement-prediction mismatch over all signalling species (j) and experimental conditions (k).
There are three main terms in the ILP objective function as detailed in Materials and Methods: (1) The first term penalizes the measurement-prediction mismatch of the key phosphoproteins and removes all edges that contradict the "signalling" dataset.
Second, one should pay attention to the type of comparisons made to assess the different effects, in particular to whether prediction effects are assessed comparing predictable and unpredictable contexts, or predicted (prediction-matching) and unpredicted (prediction-mismatching) stimulation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com