In half the trials, the target object could be predicted from the verb (Prediction condition), in the other half such prediction was not possible (Control condition).
Subjects were instructed to predict an incoming sound based on key movement in two sets of trials (prediction condition), whereas they were instructed not to do so in the other two sets (non-prediction condition).
As a result, the activities in the temporo- and parieto-occipital areas for IPs were more enhanced than those for CPs in the period of 100 200 ms after the onset of visual stimulus under the prediction condition, whereas these were not recognized under the non-prediction condition.
Earlier studies using similar materials have shown that listeners are considerably faster to fixate the target object in the Prediction condition than in the Control condition [7].
We can therefore attribute the impaired performance in the Prediction condition to disruption of neural operations by rTMS over the right cerebellum.
A prediction z = F Dpred, θ) is the response of the model F for a prediction condition Dpred = { tpred, gpred, upred} specifying a prediction observable gpred evaluated at time point tpred given the externally controlled stimulation upred.
As hypothesized, participants were slower to fixate the target following cerebellar rTMS in the Prediction condition, but were not slowed in the Control condition (rTMS-by-Condition interaction: F 1,21) = 8.848, p = 0.007, repeated-measures ANOVA; Figure 1B).
To ensure that the slower fixation in the Prediction condition was not due to effects of fatigue, familiarity with the task, or an effect of rTMS not specific to the cerebellum, we performed two control experiments.
This means that a confidence level αcontrols errors of type 1 which is the probability that the model response for the true parameters is inside the prediction confidence interval for a single prediction condition if many realizations of the experimental data and the corresponding prediction confidence intervals are considered.
A PPD is a distribution of predictions conditioned on the available data as shown in Equation (7).
