On the Bank's predicted trade-off, Osborne said any outcome would "impose costs on families", adding: "This is the kind of lose-lose situation that a vote to leave the EU creates".
Departures from the predicted trade-off due to the inclusion of basis function expansions and the assumption of correlated noise are examined.
Column (5) instruments the business environment with distance from the equator, the percentage of the population speaking the main European languages, and the predicted trade share constructed from a gravity model, see Hall and Jones (1999).
Specifically, the instruments are distance from the equator, the extent to which the primary languages of Western Europe (English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish) are spoken as first languages today, and the predicted trade share based on a gravity model of international trade, constructed by Frankel and Romer (1999).18 The instrument proposed by Acemoglu et al.
Column (6) instruments the measure of financial constraints of column (1) with distance from the equator, the percentage of the population speaking the main European languages, and the predicted trade share constructed from a gravity model, see Hall and Jones (1999).
Theoretical studies have predicted trade-offs between sperm numbers and size [4], [51] [53], which have been supported by empirical evidence in cases of sperm gigantism [54], [55].
Most empirical studies have therefore assumed that a positive relationship between sperm numbers and size is evidence against the predicted trade-off, and following this reasoning it has been concluded that there is no support for the sperm size/number trade-off except in cases of sperm gigantism [ 12, 13] (reviewed in [ 14]).
The inverse relationship between stamen and gynoecium development suggests the interesting conclusion that the Y-chromosome probably carries many factors affecting flower sex structures, and that at least some of the factors promoting stamen development must suppress the gynoecium, suggesting the predicted trade-offs.
The predicted trade-off between foraging and information gathering was present for ADV birds but not for DIS birds, as indicated by a negative relationship between trial consumption and the time spent on CFL for ADV birds only (Fig. 5, Appendix Table A1, Model 9).
"Global trade, which was already growing slowly over the past few years, appears to have stagnated," said Angel Gurría, the OECD's secretary general, presenting its latest economic forecasts and predicting trade growth of around 2% this year.
