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Similarly we can treat design as a predicate modifier, if we are willing to treat a starship as a predicative phrase, as we would in "The Enterprise is a starship".
We can then treat look as a predicate modifier, so that look(happy) is a new predicate derived from the meaning of happy.
(Here -ness is a predicate modifier that transforms the predicate polite, which applies to ordinary (usually human) individuals, into a predicate over quantities of the abstract stuff, politeness).
In (3.11), very functions as a predicate modifier, in particular a subsective modifier, since the set of things that are very(P) is a subset of the things that are P. Do we need such modifiers in our logical forms?
The subject of (3.21) might be rendered logically as something like Ka -ly(recKa -ly(drecklesswhere Ka reifies action-predrivees, and -ly transforms a monadic predicate intension into a subsective predicate modifier.
In general, if x is a φ-part of y and y is a φ-part of z, x need not be a φ-part of z: the predicate modifier 'φ' may not distribute over parthood.
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A modest concession to Montague, sufficient to handle (3.15)–(3.17), is to admit intensional predicate modifiers into our representational vocabulary.
The rather compelling case for intensional predicate modifiers in our semantic vocabulary reinforces the case made above (on the basis on extensional examples) for allowing predicate modification.
But that shows the non-transitivity of 'φ-part', not of 'part', and within a sufficiently general framework this can easily be expressed with the help of explicit predicate modifiers (Varzi 2006a; Vieu 2006; Garbacz 2007).
We will investigate the proper treatment of predicates, modifiers, quantifiers, modals, conditionals, names, descriptions, and attitudes within this kind of approach to linguistic meaning.
Taken together, the examples indicate the desirability of allowing for monadic-predicate modifiers in a semantic representation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com