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In order to find the optimal solution, the PSO algorithm simulates the movement of a set of particles in the search space under predetermined rules [292].
In the model, parameters such as spectrum utilisation efficiency, degree of mobility and distance to the PUs of CRN are given as inputs to the fuzzy logic decision-making process, while the output of that process gives the spectrum access decision, based on linguistic knowledge of some predetermined rules.
You can either have a fixed amount of tokens in circulation or have a fluctuating amount based on predetermined rules.
The current model proposes that the universe was until rather recently a lifeless collection of particles bouncing against each other, and obeying predetermined rules that were mysterious in their origin.
It consists of just one track lasting 56 minutes that is composed in the generative style also used, for example, on the soundtrack for the video game No Man's Sky where a computer is programmed to compose music based on a set of predetermined rules.
In that sense, the attempt to define subtle power is almost self-contradictory, it is not a set of predetermined rules or procedures to follow mechanically but the art of creating a favorable context, it is not a self-proclaimed indispensability, superiority or grandeur but, in a constantly changing configuration the capacity to maintain centrality.
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In the next time step, however, each square changes according to a predetermined rule and the colour of the squares around it.
Costas codes are similar to stepped-frequency waveforms, except that the frequencies for the subpulse are selected in a random fashion, according to some predetermined rule or logic.
Moreover, the detection approaches proposed in the literature are mostly rule based, meaning that a predetermined rule needs to be established beforehand to detect botnets from a graph (e.g., [60]).
Figure 1a shows the frequency assignment with a stepped linear-frequency modulation (SLFM) whereas in Fig. 1b, the frequency assignments are chosen in a random fashion, according to some predetermined rule, in 8-order Costas array.
Second, among schoolchildren whose parents gave written consent, classroom teachers chose 4 children (2 boys, 2 girls) per class using a predetermined rule.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com