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A predefined topic list was used to structure the discussion.
The information was analysed and summarised according to predefined topic areas.
The researchers used an interview guide with predefined topic areas (Table 1, topic list).
A predefined topic guide will be used to cover key aspects of the critical illness pathway and will include possible short- and long-term complications.
Other, more specific topics such as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) or nutrition were also of high interest, when considered as a predefined topic.
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Pay-for-placement search engines are paid by advertisers based on the number of users who search for predefined topics and then actually go to the advertisers' sites.
Last year, the startup launched EvriThing Tech to allow readers to create and add their own channels on any tech topics, as well as those from predefined topics.
Examples of using predefined topics to classify documents are wordnet [13] and semantic networks [14] for texts.
Moreover, in many real-world scenarios data is not categorised in predefined topics, but it is generally accompanied by semantic descriptions possibly describing users' interests.
However, several contextual issues – e.g. presenting the study in the form of an (ungraded) exercise and assigning predefined topics – might have had an influence on the results.
This system performs a soft clustering of users based on manually predefined topics whose sentiment can be found in the reviews.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com