In terms of the precision of event rate estimation (e.g., relapse rate), 293 patients would provide a rate estimate with a standard error of 3%.
In these cases, researchers may benefit from modeling vital rates to improve precision of vital rate estimates [32], [33] or using data from closely related species [5], [34].
Figure 5 suggests that the precision of pumping rate can be very high (in the order of 0.1 pl/s) under the varying electric voltage.
The conservative estimation of virus detection rate of 50% would give the largest sample size estimate of 96 exacerbations with level of confidence at 95% and precision of detection rate of 10%.
The assumption of constant variance was not satisfied as the list sizes varied across practices from less than 2000 to nearly 17 000 and the precision of the rate varied accordingly.
Similarly, for rHR of 5 and 2 incidents/100 patients/year, a total of 7500 (e.g. 50 practices × 150 records each, precision ±23%) and 20000 records (e.g. 100 practices × 200 records, precision ±23%) had to be reviewed to ensure adequate precision of harm rate estimates (Table 2, Figure 1).
For a rHR of 10 rather than 20 incidents/100 patients/year, the total number of records to review increased from 2000 (for example 10 practices × 200 records each, precision ±23%), to 4000 (e.g. 20 practices × 200 records each, precision ±23%) to ensure adequate precision of harm rate estimates.
Future studies might profitably examine how experimental duration affects both the accuracy (in terms of capturing the relationship between growth rate and size) and precision of growth rates before applying the method to new questions.
Also, if an asymmetry in extinction rates leads to a high tip ratio bias, the accuracy and precision of extinction rates estimation decreases.
The simulation results have clearly shown that the random noise of carrier phases and higher order ionospheric errors are two major factors to affect the precision of high-rate PPP within a short period of time.
