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The precision of exposure estimates also poses a limitation.
There was also wide variation in the precision of exposure estimates.
The precision of exposure estimates may have been reduced by using central-site measures for many exposures of interest.
There are also some studies using variance components to estimate precision of exposure assessments [ 14, 15, 35, 36].
The validity of exposure response associations in epidemiologic studies depends on the precision of exposure measurements (Dominici et al. 2000b; Schwartz and Coull 2003; Zeger et al. 2000).
This will increase the precision of exposure and effect data and will facilitate identification of subgroups within populations that are at the highest risk of adverse health effects due to chemical exposure.
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If long-term average chemical exposures are of interest and prospective sample collection is feasible (e.g., cohort studies), investigators can improve the precision of their exposure estimates and limit the attenuation of observed risk estimates by making repeated exposure measurements on each study participant.
The resolution and precision of this exposure assessment process resulted in the capability to detect a wide range of individual long-term average exposure and to detect risk of lung cancer to average traffic level exposure to NO2 within a 95% confidence limit.
Careful evaluation of the validity and improvements in precision of an exposure measure reduce error in the measurements and bias in the exposure effect relationship.
This discrepancy may be explained by the better precision of our exposure data.
Therefore, improved validity and precision of the exposure is a likely explanation for the higher risk observed in women.
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