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Our earlier work supported the precision hypothesis, based on results demonstrating that precise patterns of synaptic inputs could be found in intracellular recordings from neurons in brain slices and in vivo.
Following the modality precision hypothesis [7], [8], on which the sensory modality with the highest temporal acuity dominates the perception of events in other modalities, Freeman and Driver attributed their results to the timing of the beeps influencing the perceived timing of the visual stimuli.
From the point of view of the precision hypothesis, this may explain why dopamine firing has been interpreted in terms of RPE.
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Over-dispersion is a common problem and leads to inaccurate estimations of regression coefficient standard errors that can influence the precision of the hypothesis test results.
The sample size was calculated to provide estimates of influenza vaccination coverage by type of nursing homes (ECR/LTCF) and by categories of staff (physicians/nurse and nurse assistants) with a precision of 5% (hypothesis: influenza vaccination coverage: 50%, design effect: 2 or 1 in ECRs for physicians, participation rate: 50% in ECRs, 30% in LTCFs, α risk: 5%).
However, due to the idealized hypothesis, the precision usually cannot be guaranteed when using analytical methods to calculate the water oil or oil gas relative permeability curve.
Finally, to test the hypothesis that precision provides a sufficient account of midbrain responses, we repeated the above analyses but including expected value (under the utilitarian model) and the current monetary offer (reward) of the current trial as additional explanatory variables.
These results are consistent with recent non-invasive human studies of contrast dependent changes in the gain of pyramidal cells elaborating forward connections — studies designed to test specific hypotheses about precision and gain control based on predictive coding.
Although our primary hypothesis concerned precision-related responses in dopaminergic midbrain regions, the neurobiological implementation of active inference using variational Bayes also makes strong predictions about precision-related effects in other brain systems (see Friston et al. (2013)).
The uncertainties from competing interpretations of the fossil record, through the choice of rate models and sequence partition strategies, to competing phylogenetic hypotheses all contribute to an evolutionary timescale that lacks sufficient precision to rule out many hypotheses.
Geographical distance, although a significant factor in several models, is not a very strong one: after excluding the distance hypothesis (Model 2), precision does not decrease.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com