Two main deposition routes were employed, i.e. (i) the deposition of surfactant-stabilized preformed metal NPs and (ii) a modified version of the well-known deposition-precipitation technique, employing urea as precipitating agent.
Nanometric powders of doped and co-doped ceria based ceramics with spherical-like morphology and characterized by very low degree of agglomeration, were prepared by using a simple and cheap synthesis route, easily scalable on industrial level, based on an optimized co-precipitation process with ammonium carbonate as precipitating agent.
As pointed out by Boutonnet et al., there are two main ways of preparing nanoparticles from the microemulsion method: (1) by mixing two microemulsions, one containing the precursor and the other, the precipitating agent; and (2) by adding the precipitating agent directly to the microemulsion containing the metal precursor [26].
Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of some heavy metal ions in Lagos lagoon water using co-precipitation procedure involving 8-hydroxyquinoline and Cu II) solution as precipitating agent and carrier element, respectively.
Such contamination can be reduced by carrying out the operations with dilute solutions and by adding the precipitating agent slowly; an effective technique is that called homogeneous precipitation, in which the precipitating agent is synthesized in the solution rather than added mechanically.
However, cyclohexylamine acts only as precipitating agent and does not avoid particle aggregation.
In this method, Ce(NO3 3·6H2O and aqueous ammonia were the precursors for CeO2 and precipitating agent, respectively.
2.0 mL of acetonitrile was added as precipitating agent for protein then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for about 20 min.
The NH4OH was used as precipitating agent; the pH value, reaction time and reaction temperature were optimized during synthesis.
The sample was obtained from 0.5 M CoSO4 solution and 0.2 M NH3 solution as precipitating agent at pH = 9.5.
